Moreover, deeper knowledge of human sequence variation has begun to alter the practice of medicine.
The genome sequences of microbes, plants and animals have revolutionized many fields of science, including microbiology, virology, infectious disease and plant biology. It established an open approach to data sharing and open-source software, thereby making the data resulting from the project accessible to all. In this article, we discuss the ways in which this ambitious endeavor led to the development of novel technologies and analytical tools, and how it brought the expertise of engineers, computer scientists and mathematicians together with biologists. The project exemplifies the power, necessity and success of large, integrated, cross-disciplinary efforts - so-called ‘big science’ - directed towards complex major objectives. Epigenetics 2012 7:155-163.The Human Genome Project has transformed biology through its integrated big science approach to deciphering a reference human genome sequence along with the complete sequences of key model organisms. Pidsley R, Dempster E, Troakes C, et al., Epigenetic and genetic variation at the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region on 11p15.5 is associated with cerebellum weight.Dayeh T, Tuomi T, Almgren P, et al., DNA Methylation of Loci Within ABCG1 and PHOSPHO1 in Blood DNA is Associated With Future Type 2 Diabetes Risk.Tobi E, Slieker R, Luijk R, et al., DNA methylation as a mediator of the association between prenatal adversity and risk factors for metabolic disease in adulthood.Tobi E, Lumey L, Talens R, et al., DNA Methylation Differences After Exposure to Prenatal Famine Are Common and Timing- And Sex- Specific.Heijmans B, Tobi E, Stein A, et al., Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans.Roseboom T., Epidemiological evidence for the developmental origins of health and disease: effects of prenatal undernutrition in humans.Advances in tests for colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. Tang Q, Cheng J, Cao X, et al., Blood-based DNA methylation as biomarker for breast cancer: a systematic review.Chandran A, Antony C, Jose L, et al., Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection Induces HDAC1-Medicated Suppression of IL-12B Gene Expression in Macrophages.McCartney D, Stevenson A, Hillary R, et al., Epigenetic signatures of starting and stopping smoking.Heyn H, Li N, Ferreira H, et al., Distinct DNA methylomes of newborns and centenarians.Non-coding RNA may also recruit proteins to modify histones to turn genes “on” or “off.” Non-coding RNA helps control gene expression by attaching to coding RNA, along with certain proteins, to break down the coding RNA so that it cannot be used to make proteins. Your DNA is used as instructions for making coding and non-coding RNA. When histones are tightly packed together, proteins that ‘read’ the gene cannot access the DNA as easily, so the gene is turned “off.” When histones are loosely packed, more DNA is exposed or not wrapped around a histone and can be accessed by proteins that ‘read’ the gene, so the gene is turned “on.” Chemical groups can be added or removed from histones to make the histones more tightly or loosely packed, turning genes “off” or “on.” Non-coding RNA Typically, methylation turns genes “off” and demethylation turns genes “on.” Histone modificationĭNA wraps around proteins called histones. This chemical group can be removed through a process called demethylation. Typically, this group is added to specific places on the DNA, where it blocks the proteins that attach to DNA to “read” the gene. DNA methylation works by adding a chemical group to DNA.
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